diff --git a/.trellis/spec/blender/index.md b/.trellis/spec/blender/index.md
index 1ea6d84..59a7aba 100644
--- a/.trellis/spec/blender/index.md
+++ b/.trellis/spec/blender/index.md
@@ -61,7 +61,7 @@
 | | `generate_scene.py` | `export_cesium.py` |
 |---|---|---|
 | 行数 | 895 | 647 |
-| 调用 | `--background --factory-startup --python` | `--background --python` |
+| 调用 | `--background --factory-startup --python` | `--background --factory-startup --python` |
 | 输入 | `--osm` + `--geojson`（可选） | `--blend` |
 | 输出 | `--output`(.blend)、`--render`(.png) | `--glb`、`--metadata`(.json) |
 | 完成标记 | `SCENE_DONE` | `CESIUM_EXPORT_DONE` |
@@ -70,9 +70,9 @@
 两个 stdout 标记是 [parity 契约](../guides/artifact-parity-guide.md)的一部分
 （`scripts/parity.js:121` 解析它们），**改动打印格式等于改动契约**。
 
-### `--factory-startup` 只在 generate 阶段用
+### 后台阶段使用 `--factory-startup`
 
-它屏蔽本机 Blender 的 preferences 和 addon，保证场景生成不受用户配置影响。
+它屏蔽本机 Blender 的 preferences 和 addon，保证场景生成与 Cesium 导出不受用户配置影响。
 副作用是脚本自己的目录不在 `sys.path` 上，所以两个入口开头都有那段
 `sys.path.insert` 样板 + `# noqa: E402`——**不是可以整理掉的坏味道**。
 
diff --git a/.trellis/spec/pipeline/external-tools.md b/.trellis/spec/pipeline/external-tools.md
index 207efff..8e53cb4 100644
--- a/.trellis/spec/pipeline/external-tools.md
+++ b/.trellis/spec/pipeline/external-tools.md
@@ -125,10 +125,10 @@ SCENE_LAYERS.forEach((layer, index) => {
 | 阶段 | 参数 | 出处 |
 |---|---|---|
 | `blender` | `--background --factory-startup --python generate_scene.py --` | `build-area.js:242-247` |
-| `cesium` | `--background --python export_cesium.py --` | `build-area.js:276-280` |
+| `cesium` | `--background --factory-startup --python export_cesium.py --` | `build-area.js:276-280` |
 
-**`--factory-startup` 只在 generate 阶段用**：它屏蔽用户的 preferences 和 addon，
-保证场景生成不受本机 Blender 配置影响。export 阶段不带，因为它要读已经建好的 `.blend`。
+**两个后台阶段都使用 `--factory-startup`**：它屏蔽用户的 preferences 和 addon，
+保证场景生成与导出不受本机 Blender 配置影响。export 阶段仍会显式读取已经建好的 `.blend`。
 
 `--` 之后才是脚本自己的参数，Blender 不解析它们。脚本侧用
 `sys.argv[sys.argv.index("--") + 1:]` 取。
diff --git a/README.md b/README.md
index 12ab47a..4a3a575 100644
--- a/README.md
+++ b/README.md
@@ -20,10 +20,14 @@
 
 需要：
 
-- macOS QGIS：默认 `/Applications/QGIS.app`
-- Blender：默认 `/Applications/Blender.app`
+- QGIS 与 GDAL 工具链
+- Blender
 - Node.js / npm
 
+macOS 默认使用 QGIS `/Applications/QGIS.app` 与 Blender
+`/Applications/Blender.app`。Linux 配置中，`qgisApp` 是安装前缀（通常为
+`/usr`），`blenderApp` 是可执行文件路径（通常为 `/usr/bin/blender`）。
+
 首次使用：
 
 ```bash
diff --git a/blender/generate_scene.py b/blender/generate_scene.py
index 0fd6144..c0d6153 100644
--- a/blender/generate_scene.py
+++ b/blender/generate_scene.py
@@ -594,7 +594,8 @@ def clear_scene():
 
 def configure_scene():
     scene = bpy.context.scene
-    scene.render.engine = "BLENDER_EEVEE_NEXT"
+    engines = scene.render.bl_rna.properties["engine"].enum_items.keys()
+    scene.render.engine = "BLENDER_EEVEE_NEXT" if "BLENDER_EEVEE_NEXT" in engines else "BLENDER_EEVEE"
     scene.render.resolution_x = 1200
     scene.render.resolution_y = 900
     scene.render.resolution_percentage = 100
diff --git a/blender/tools/split_lowpoly_cars.py b/blender/tools/split_lowpoly_cars.py
index 8c172bc..073edd7 100644
--- a/blender/tools/split_lowpoly_cars.py
+++ b/blender/tools/split_lowpoly_cars.py
@@ -209,7 +209,8 @@ def render_preview(objects, path):
         light.location = location
         light.rotation_euler = (0, 0, 0)
         light.rotation_euler = (target - light.location).to_track_quat("-Z", "Y").to_euler()
-    scene.render.engine = "BLENDER_EEVEE_NEXT"
+    engines = scene.render.bl_rna.properties["engine"].enum_items.keys()
+    scene.render.engine = "BLENDER_EEVEE_NEXT" if "BLENDER_EEVEE_NEXT" in engines else "BLENDER_EEVEE"
     scene.render.resolution_x = PREVIEW_SIZE
     scene.render.resolution_y = PREVIEW_SIZE
     scene.render.resolution_percentage = 100
diff --git a/package-lock.json b/package-lock.json
index 4948f1f..c180020 100644
--- a/package-lock.json
+++ b/package-lock.json
@@ -13,7 +13,7 @@
     },
     "node_modules/osm2streets-js-node": {
       "version": "0.1.4",
-      "resolved": "http://172.16.1.86:4873/osm2streets-js-node/-/osm2streets-js-node-0.1.4.tgz",
+      "resolved": "https://registry.npmjs.org/osm2streets-js-node/-/osm2streets-js-node-0.1.4.tgz",
       "integrity": "sha512-JjS6qJJjrrlEKEZxqV4s/N4qU0YfvdMUasdvfoyYCmZxEpNKAYjpuZeWJWeLEcGOqhu+YuV3YDIk9jgvMU0kKQ==",
       "license": "Apache-2.0"
     }
diff --git a/scripts/build-area.js b/scripts/build-area.js
index 9bdfc01..5dbfab0 100755
--- a/scripts/build-area.js
+++ b/scripts/build-area.js
@@ -4,6 +4,7 @@ const fs = require("fs");
 const path = require("path");
 const { spawnSync } = require("child_process");
 const { readAreaConfig } = require("./lib/area-config");
+const { blenderExecutable: resolveBlenderExecutable } = require("./lib/tool-paths");
 const {
   SCENE_LAYERS,
   SCENE_FILE,
@@ -314,6 +315,7 @@ function exportCesium(area) {
   const startedAt = new Date(started).toISOString();
   runCommand(blenderExecutable(area), [
     "--background",
+    "--factory-startup",
     "--python",
     path.join(repoRoot, "blender", "export_cesium.py"),
     "--",
@@ -440,7 +442,7 @@ function compressCesiumGlb(area) {
 }
 
 function blenderExecutable(area) {
-  return path.join(area.blenderApp, "Contents", "MacOS", "Blender");
+  return resolveBlenderExecutable(area.blenderApp);
 }
 
 function ensureFile(file, label) {
diff --git a/scripts/build-osm2streets-qgis.js b/scripts/build-osm2streets-qgis.js
index 7695efe..47ce5ee 100755
--- a/scripts/build-osm2streets-qgis.js
+++ b/scripts/build-osm2streets-qgis.js
@@ -5,6 +5,7 @@ const path = require("path");
 const os = require("os");
 const { execFileSync } = require("child_process");
 const { JsStreetNetwork } = require("osm2streets-js-node");
+const { qgisPaths } = require("./lib/tool-paths");
 const { buildCustomTurnLaneArrows } = require("./lib/turn-lane-arrows");
 const {
   SCENE_LAYERS,
@@ -21,9 +22,9 @@ const args = parseArgs(process.argv.slice(2));
 const configPath = path.resolve(args.config || path.join(repoRoot, "config", "default.json"));
 const config = loadConfig(configPath, args);
 const qgisApp = config.qgisApp;
-const qgisMacOS = path.join(qgisApp, "Contents", "MacOS");
-const qgisPython = path.join(qgisMacOS, "python3.12");
-const ogr2ogr = path.join(qgisMacOS, "ogr2ogr");
+const qgis = qgisPaths(qgisApp);
+const qgisPython = qgis.python;
+const ogr2ogr = qgis.ogr2ogr;
 const normalizeLaneArrowsScript = path.join(repoRoot, "scripts", "normalize-lane-arrows.py");
 const inputPath = path.resolve(config.input);
 const outDir = path.resolve(config.outDir);
@@ -128,7 +129,7 @@ fs.writeFileSync(
 if (fs.existsSync(gpkgPath)) {
   fs.unlinkSync(gpkgPath);
 }
-const ogrEnv = qgisEnv();
+const ogrEnv = qgis.env;
 // First layer creates the GeoPackage; the rest append into it.
 SCENE_LAYERS.forEach((layer, index) => {
   importLayer(gpkgPath, path.join(outDir, layerFile(layer)), layer.id, index > 0, ogrEnv);
@@ -141,7 +142,7 @@ const defaultPreviewExtent = extentString(expandBounds(
   previewPad,
 ));
 fs.writeFileSync(qgisScript, makeQgisScript({
-  qgisMacOS,
+  qgisPrefix: qgis.prefix,
   gpkgPath,
   projectPath,
   previewPath,
@@ -154,17 +155,9 @@ execFileSync(qgisPython, [qgisScript], {
   stdio: "inherit",
   env: {
     ...process.env,
-    ...qgisEnv(),
+    ...qgis.env,
     QT_QPA_PLATFORM: "offscreen",
-    PYTHONHOME: path.join(qgisApp, "Contents", "Frameworks"),
-    PYTHONPATH: [
-      path.join(qgisApp, "Contents", "Resources", "python"),
-      path.join(qgisApp, "Contents", "Resources", "python3.11", "site-packages"),
-    ].join(":"),
-    DYLD_LIBRARY_PATH: [
-      qgisMacOS,
-      path.join(qgisApp, "Contents", "Frameworks"),
-    ].join(":"),
+    ...qgis.pythonEnv,
   },
 });
 fixCanvas(projectPath, config.canvasExtent || extentString(expandBounds(bbox, canvasPad)));
@@ -252,13 +245,6 @@ function deepMerge(base, overrides) {
   return out;
 }
 
-function qgisEnv() {
-  return {
-    PROJ_LIB: path.join(qgisApp, "Contents", "Resources", "qgis", "proj"),
-    GDAL_DATA: path.join(qgisApp, "Contents", "Resources", "qgis", "gdal"),
-  };
-}
-
 function getOsmBounds(xmlText) {
   // OSM exports may contain distant relation members (for example subway
   // nodes) that are not part of the requested map extent. Prefer the explicit
@@ -1418,13 +1404,9 @@ function normalizeLaneArrows(geojsonPath, outlineSimplifyMeters) {
     stdio: "inherit",
     env: {
       ...process.env,
-      ...qgisEnv(),
+      ...qgis.env,
       QT_QPA_PLATFORM: "offscreen",
-      PYTHONHOME: path.join(qgisApp, "Contents", "Frameworks"),
-      PYTHONPATH: [
-        path.join(qgisApp, "Contents", "Resources", "python"),
-        path.join(qgisApp, "Contents", "Resources", "python", "plugins"),
-      ].join(path.delimiter),
+      ...qgis.pythonEnv,
     },
   });
 }
@@ -1464,7 +1446,7 @@ from qgis.core import (
     QgsVectorLayer,
 )
 
-QGIS_PREFIX = ${JSON.stringify(options.qgisMacOS)}
+QGIS_PREFIX = ${JSON.stringify(options.qgisPrefix)}
 GPKG = ${JSON.stringify(options.gpkgPath)}
 PROJECT_PATH = ${JSON.stringify(options.projectPath)}
 PREVIEW_PATH = ${JSON.stringify(options.previewPath)}
@@ -1472,6 +1454,11 @@ PREVIEW_EXTENT = [${options.previewExtent.split(",").map(Number).join(", ")}]
 LAYER_PREFIX = ${JSON.stringify(options.layerPrefix || "osm2streets")}
 LAYER_SPECS = ${JSON.stringify(qgisLayerSpecs(), null, 4)}
 
+try:
+    IMAGE_FORMAT = QImage.Format.Format_ARGB32_Premultiplied
+except AttributeError:
+    IMAGE_FORMAT = QImage.Format_ARGB32_Premultiplied
+
 def fill_symbol(color, outline="0,0,0,0", outline_width="0"):
     return QgsFillSymbol.createSimple({
         "color": color,
@@ -1523,7 +1510,7 @@ settings.setDestinationCrs(QgsCoordinateReferenceSystem("EPSG:4326"))
 settings.setExtent(QgsRectangle(*PREVIEW_EXTENT))
 settings.setOutputSize(QSize(1600, 1100))
 settings.setBackgroundColor(QColor(245, 245, 240))
-image = QImage(settings.outputSize(), QImage.Format_ARGB32_Premultiplied)
+image = QImage(settings.outputSize(), IMAGE_FORMAT)
 image.fill(settings.backgroundColor().rgba())
 painter = QPainter(image)
 job = QgsMapRendererCustomPainterJob(settings, painter)
diff --git a/scripts/lib/area-config.js b/scripts/lib/area-config.js
index e81ecc4..9281602 100644
--- a/scripts/lib/area-config.js
+++ b/scripts/lib/area-config.js
@@ -60,8 +60,8 @@ function normalizeAreaConfig(raw, options = {}) {
     id,
     input,
     outputRoot,
-    qgisApp: raw.qgisApp || "/Applications/QGIS.app",
-    blenderApp: raw.blenderApp || "/Applications/Blender.app",
+    qgisApp: raw.qgisApp || (process.platform === "darwin" ? "/Applications/QGIS.app" : "/usr"),
+    blenderApp: raw.blenderApp || (process.platform === "darwin" ? "/Applications/Blender.app" : "/usr/bin/blender"),
     stages: {
       intermediates: raw.stages?.intermediates ?? raw.stages?.qgis ?? true,
       blender: raw.stages?.blender ?? true,
diff --git a/scripts/lib/tool-paths.js b/scripts/lib/tool-paths.js
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..ba3fb06
--- /dev/null
+++ b/scripts/lib/tool-paths.js
@@ -0,0 +1,58 @@
+"use strict";
+
+const path = require("path");
+
+function qgisPaths(qgisApp) {
+  if (process.platform === "darwin") {
+    const macosDir = path.join(qgisApp, "Contents", "MacOS");
+    const resourcesDir = path.join(qgisApp, "Contents", "Resources");
+    return {
+      python: path.join(macosDir, "python3.12"),
+      ogr2ogr: path.join(macosDir, "ogr2ogr"),
+      ogrinfo: path.join(macosDir, "ogrinfo"),
+      prefix: macosDir,
+      env: {
+        PROJ_LIB: path.join(resourcesDir, "qgis", "proj"),
+        GDAL_DATA: path.join(resourcesDir, "qgis", "gdal"),
+      },
+      pythonEnv: {
+        PYTHONHOME: path.join(qgisApp, "Contents", "Frameworks"),
+        PYTHONPATH: [
+          path.join(resourcesDir, "python"),
+          path.join(resourcesDir, "python3.11", "site-packages"),
+        ].join(path.delimiter),
+        DYLD_LIBRARY_PATH: [macosDir, path.join(qgisApp, "Contents", "Frameworks")].join(path.delimiter),
+      },
+    };
+  }
+
+  const binDir = path.join(qgisApp, "bin");
+  const shareDir = path.join(qgisApp, "share");
+  return {
+    python: path.join(binDir, "python3"),
+    ogr2ogr: path.join(binDir, "ogr2ogr"),
+    ogrinfo: path.join(binDir, "ogrinfo"),
+    prefix: qgisApp,
+    env: {
+      PROJ_LIB: path.join(shareDir, "proj"),
+      GDAL_DATA: path.join(shareDir, "gdal"),
+    },
+    pythonEnv: {
+      PYTHONPATH: [
+        path.join(shareDir, "qgis", "python"),
+        path.join(shareDir, "qgis", "python", "plugins"),
+      ].join(path.delimiter),
+    },
+  };
+}
+
+function blenderExecutable(blenderApp) {
+  return process.platform === "darwin"
+    ? path.join(blenderApp, "Contents", "MacOS", "Blender")
+    : blenderApp;
+}
+
+module.exports = {
+  blenderExecutable,
+  qgisPaths,
+};
diff --git a/scripts/parity.js b/scripts/parity.js
index 55a5826..a13554c 100644
--- a/scripts/parity.js
+++ b/scripts/parity.js
@@ -18,6 +18,7 @@ const fs = require("fs");
 const path = require("path");
 const crypto = require("crypto");
 const { spawnSync } = require("child_process");
+const { blenderExecutable } = require("./lib/tool-paths");
 
 const repoRoot = path.resolve(__dirname, "..");
 const baselineRoot = path.join(repoRoot, "outputs", "_refactor-baseline");
@@ -169,8 +170,8 @@ function fileStat(file) {
 }
 
 function blendDigest(config, blend, outFile) {
-  const blenderApp = config.blenderApp || "/Applications/Blender.app";
-  const blender = path.join(blenderApp, "Contents", "MacOS", "Blender");
+  const blenderApp = config.blenderApp || (process.platform === "darwin" ? "/Applications/Blender.app" : "/usr/bin/blender");
+  const blender = blenderExecutable(blenderApp);
   const run = spawnSync(blender, [
     "--background", "--factory-startup",
     "--python", path.join(repoRoot, "blender", "tools", "scene_digest.py"),
diff --git a/scripts/reimport-gpkg.js b/scripts/reimport-gpkg.js
index 51bf92b..85c39ab 100755
--- a/scripts/reimport-gpkg.js
+++ b/scripts/reimport-gpkg.js
@@ -16,6 +16,7 @@ const fs = require("fs");
 const path = require("path");
 const os = require("os");
 const { execFileSync } = require("child_process");
+const { qgisPaths } = require("./lib/tool-paths");
 const {
   SCENE_LAYERS,
   SCENE_FILE,
@@ -27,10 +28,10 @@ const {
 
 const args = parseArgs(process.argv.slice(2));
 const config = loadConfig(args);
-const qgisApp = config.qgisApp || "/Applications/QGIS.app";
-const qgisMacOS = path.join(qgisApp, "Contents", "MacOS");
-const ogr2ogr = path.join(qgisMacOS, "ogr2ogr");
-const ogrinfo = path.join(qgisMacOS, "ogrinfo");
+const qgisApp = config.qgisApp || (process.platform === "darwin" ? "/Applications/QGIS.app" : "/usr");
+const qgis = qgisPaths(qgisApp);
+const ogr2ogr = qgis.ogr2ogr;
+const ogrinfo = qgis.ogrinfo;
 const outDir = path.resolve(requireText(config.outDir, "outDir"));
 const gpkgPath = path.resolve(requireText(config.gpkg, "gpkg"));
 
@@ -130,10 +131,7 @@ function requireText(value, key) {
 }
 
 function gdalEnv() {
-  return {
-    PROJ_LIB: path.join(qgisApp, "Contents", "Resources", "qgis", "proj"),
-    GDAL_DATA: path.join(qgisApp, "Contents", "Resources", "qgis", "gdal"),
-  };
+  return qgis.env;
 }
 
 function gpkgLayers() {